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@COMMENT{{{Command line: /soft/ukssdc/share/bib2bib -c year=2005 -ob ukssdc_2005.bib ukssdc.bib}}
@ARTICLE{araujo-pradere2005:_variability,
AUTHOR = {Araujo-Pradere, E.A. and Fuller-Rowell, T.J. and Codrescu,
M.V.},
TITLE = {Characteristics of the ionospheric variability as a function
of season, latitude, local time, and geomagnetic activity},
JOURNAL = {Radio Science},
YEAR = {2005},
VOLUME = {40},
NUMBER = {5},
UKSSDC_D = {},
UKSSDC_I = {},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004RS003179},
ABSTRACT = {An
ionospheric F-2 critical frequency database has been assembled to
determine the variability of the F region as a function of local
time, latitude, season, and geomagnetic activity. The database
comprises observations from 75 ionosonde stations covering a range
of geomagnetic latitude and includes 43 storm intervals. The
database was previously used to develop the Storm-Time Empirical
Ionospheric Correction Model (STORM). The mean and standard
deviation have been evaluated by sorting the data by local time,
season (five intervals centered on equinox, solstice, and
intermediate intervals), latitude (four regions each 20 degrees wide
in geomagnetic latitude), and up to eight levels of geomagnetic
activity. The geomagnetic activity index was based on a weighted
integral of the previous 33 hours of ap and is the same as that used
by the STORM model. The database covers a full solar cycle, but
insufficient information was available to sort by solar activity
without compromising the estimates of variability on the other
sorting parameters. About half the data were contained in the first
level of geomagnetic activity, between 0 and 500 units of filtered
ap corresponding to Kp <= 2, and half above that level. When local
time dependence was included in the binning, sufficient data were
available to sort into two levels of geomagnetic activity, quiet (Kp
<= 2(+)) and disturbed (Kp > 3(-)). For all latitudes and levels of
geomagnetic activity, the lowest variability was typically found in
summer (10-15%), and the largest variability occurred in winter
(15-40%), with equinox (10-30%) lying between the solstice
extremes. The exception was low latitudes at equinox, which had
surprising low variability (10%), possibly because of the weak
interhemispheric flow at this time of year. At middle and low
latitudes, the variability tended to increase with geomagnetic
activity in winter and equinox but remained fairly constant in
summer. At high latitudes, the surprising result was that in all
seasons, and in winter in particular, the variability tended to
decrease, probably because of the increased upwelling of neutral
molecular species and stronger chemical control of the
ionosphere. The data have also been used to build a table of
estimated variability suitable for inclusion in the International
Reference Ionosphere or any other climatological model. For periods
where data were scarce or nonexistent, an estimated variability was
provided on the basis of expectations of the consequences o
physical processes. This was necessary to fill in the table o
values in order to develop a module suitable for inclusion in th
International Reference Ionosphere.}
}
@ARTICLE{austin:_whatever_happened_to_40_metres,
AUTHOR = {Austin, B.A.},
TITLE = {Whatever Happened to 40 Metres?},
JOURNAL = {Mercury, the Journal of the Royal Signals Amateur Radio
Society},
YEAR = {2005},
UKSSDC_D = {},
UKSSDC_I = {},
UK_FIRST = {}
}
@ARTICLE{belahaki2005,
AUTHOR = {Belehaki, A. and Cander, Lj. and Zolesi, B. and Bremer, J. and Juren, C. and Stanislawska, I. and Dialetis, D. and Hatzopoulos, M.},
TITLE = {DIAS Project: The establishment of a European digital upper
atmosphere server},
JOURNAL = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
YEAR = {2005},
VOLUME = {67},
NUMBER = {12},
PAGES = {1092--1099},
UKSSDC_D = {},
UKSSDC_I = {},
UK_OTHER = {},
ABSTRACT = {The main objective of DIAS (European Digital Upper Atmosphere Server) project is to develop a pan-European digital data collection on the state of the upper atmosphere, based on real-time information and historical data collections provided by most operating ionospheric stations in Europe. A DIAS system will distribute information required by various groups of users for the specification of upper atmospheric conditions over Europe suitable for nowcasting and forecasting purposes. The successful operation of the DIAS system will lead to the development of new European added-value products and services, to the effective use of observational data in operational applications and consequently to the expansion of the relevant European market.},
KEYWORDS = {Ionosphere; Upper atmosphere; Ionospheric monitoring; Ionospheric nowcasting; Ionospheric forecasting; Digital libraries},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2005.02.021}
}
@ARTICLE{bencze05,
AUTHOR = {Bencze, P.},
TITLE = {On the long-term change of ionospheric parameters},
JOURNAL = {jastp},
YEAR = 2005,
VOLUME = 67,
NUMBER = 14,
PAGES = {1298--1306},
MONTH = {September},
UKSSDC_D = {},
UKSSDC_I = {},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2005.06.020},
ABSTRACT = {Independent of the possible sources (solar activity, geomagnetic activity, greenhouse effect, etc.) of a global change in the upper atmosphere, it is the sign of a long-term trend of temperature that might reveal the cause of a global change.
Long-term change of temperature in the F region of the ionosphere has been studied and is assumed to be expressed in terms of thickness of the bottornside F2 layer characterized by the difference between height of the maximum electron density of the F2 layer hmF2 and altitude of the lower boundary of the F region represented by h'F. Using the difference of two ionospheric parameters has the advantage that it reduces the effect of changes resulting from alteration of equipment and scaling personnel. In this study, in summer only night values of the difference hmF2-h'F and in winter both day and night values have been taken into account considering that h'F might indicate the lower boundary of the F region in these periods. The study of the behaviour of hmF2-h'F taking separately the stations and determining yearly the mean measure (trend) of the variation of hmF2-h'F with solar and geomagnetic activities found that this difference increases significantly with enhanced solar activity, but trends of the solar activity effect exerted on this difference themselves do not practically change with increasing sunspot number. Further, hmF2-h'F decreases only insignificantly with growing geomagnetic activity. Trends of the geomagnetic activity effect related to hmF2-h'F change only insignificantly with increasing Ap; however, trends of the geomagnetic activity effect decreased with increasing latitude.
As a result of this investigation it has been found that hmF2-h'F regarded as thickness of the bottornside F2 layer shows an effect of the change of solar activity during the last three solar cycles, indicating temperature change in the upper atmosphere to be expected on the basis of changing solar activity. Furthermore, though a long-term variation of solar activity considering only years around solar activity minima is relatively small, the difference hmF2-h'F indicates a trend opposing the change of solar activity; that is, it decreases slightly during the first three 20, 21, 22 solar cycle minima (1964-1986), but decreases more abruptly according to the change of solar activity towards the minimum of solar cycle 23 (1986-1996), thus also indicating variation of temperature in the F region. However, this variation cannot be explained by the change of solar and geomagnetic activities alone, but assumes some other source (e.g. greenhouse gases) too. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}
}
@ARTICLE{blanch2005,
AUTHOR = {Blanch, E. and Altadill, D. and Boska, J. and Buresova, D.
and Hernandez-Pajares, M.},
TITLE = {November 2003 event: Effects on the Earth's ionosphere
observed from ground-based ionosonde and GPS data},
JOURNAL = {Annales Geophysicae},
YEAR = {2005},
VOLUME = {23},
NUMBER = {9},
PAGES = {3027--3034},
UKSSDC_D = {},
UKSSDC_I = {},
URL = {http://overview.sref.org/1432-0576/ag/2005-23-3027},
ABSTRACT = {Intense late-cycle solar activity during October and November
2003 produced two strong geomagnetic storms: 28 October-5
November 2003 (October) and 1923 November 2003 (November);
both reached intense geomagnetic activity levels, K-p = 9,
and K-p = 8+, respectively. The October 2003 geomagnetic
storm was stronger, but the effects on the Earth's ionosphere
in the mid-latitude European sector were more important
during the November 2003 storm. The aim of this paper is to
discuss two significant effects observed on the ionosphere
over the mid-latitude European sector produced by the
November 2003 geomagnetic storm, using, data from ground
ionosonde at Chilton (51.5 degrees N; 359.4 degrees E),
Pruhonice (50.0 degrees N; 14.6 degrees E) and El Arenosillo
(37.1 degrees N; 353.3 degrees E), jointly with GPS data.
These effects are the presence of well developed anomalous
storm E, layers observed at latitudes as low as 37 degrees N
and the presence of two thin belts: one having enhanced
electron content and other, depressed electron content. Both
reside over the mid-latitude European evening sector.}
}
@ARTICLE{butcher2005,
AUTHOR = {Butcher, N.},
TITLE = {Daily ionospheric forecasting service (DIFS) III},
JOURNAL = {Annales Geophysicae},
YEAR = {2005},
VOLUME = {23},
NUMBER = {12},
PAGES = {3591--3598},
UKSSDC_D = {},
UKSSDC_I = {},
UK_FIRST = {},
URL = {http://overview.sref.org/1432-0576/ag/2005-23-3591},
ABSTRACT = {The daily variability of the ionosphere can greatly affect HF
or SATCOM communications. HF skywave operators plan frequency
schedules months in advance, however, they also require daily
knowledge of the ionospheric conditions in order to modify
assignments. SATCOM operators also require daily information
about the levels of scintillation, which are variations in
phase, amplitude, polarisation and angle of arrival that can
cause severe degradation of the received signal.
Using a number of ionosonde measurements and geomagnetic and
solar values, a Daily Ionospheric Forecasting Service (DIFS)
has been developed, which provides HF and SATCOM operators
with daily forecasts of predicted ionospheric conditions. The
system uses in-house algorithms and an externally developed
Global Ionospheric Scintillation Model (GISM) to generate HF
and SATCOM forecasts. HF forecasts consist of a past summary
and a forecast section, primarily displaying observed values
and predicted categories for the Maximum Usable Frequency
(MUF), as well as an Ionospheric Correction factor (ICF) that
can be fed into the ionospheric propagation prediction tool,
WinHF. SATCOM forecasts give predictions of global
scintillation levels, for the polar, mid and equatorial
latitude regions. Thorough analysis was carried out on DIFS
and the results conclude that the service gives good
accuracy, with user feedback also confirming this, as well.}
}
@ARTICLE{clilverd05:_recon,
AUTHOR = {Clilverd, M.A. and Clarke, E. and Ulich, T. and Linthe, J. and Rishbeth, H.},
TITLE = {Reconstructing the long-term aa index},
JOURNAL = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
YEAR = 2005,
VOLUME = 110,
NUMBER = {A7},
MONTH = JUL,
ABSTRACT = {The robustness of the aa geomagnetic index is of critical
importance to the debate about the previously reported doubling
of the solar coronal magnetic field in the last 100 years,
inferred from an increasing trend in this index. To test the
trend in aa, we have reconstructed the aa index using two
long-running European stations (Sodankyla from 1914 and Niemegk
from 1890) to provide data for the northern component of the
index that are independent of data from the UK observatories
used in the "official'' aa index. Both the fully
"reconstructed'' aa series, based on Sodankyla ( 67 degrees N, L
= 5.2 R-E) and Niemegk ( 52 degrees N, L = 2.3 R-E) data in
combination with the official aa Southern Hemisphere data,
confirm the increasing trend in the index. The Niemegk-based
index shows little solar cycle variation in its deviation from
the official index, probably because of the midlatitude location
of the station. The high-latitude station, Sodankyla, is more
affected by active geomagnetic conditions during solar maximum
because of the proximity of the auroral oval to the
station. Nevertheless, its index also clearly confirms the
increasing trend in the aa index and hence supports the idea of
a long-term increase in solar coronal magnetic field
strength. As an added test, we reconstructed the aa index from a
single site using data from two long-running UK stations,
Eskdalemuir and Lerwick, applying a technique known as
interhourly variation (IHV) proposed by Svalgaard et al. (
2004). The resulting series is designed to be primarily
sensitive to solar wind conditions. Both the reconstructed
aa(IHV) also showed an increasing trend with time and high
consistency with the official aa index. Overall, we conclude
that the robustness of the trend in the aa index supports the
idea of a long-term increase in solar coronal magnetic field
strength.},
UKSSDC_D = {},
UK_FIRST = {}
}
@ARTICLE{davis2005,
AUTHOR = {Davis, C.J. and Johnson, C.G.},
TITLE = {Lightning-induced intensification of the ionospheric
sporadic E layer},
JOURNAL = {Nature},
PAGES = {799--801},
YEAR = {2005},
VOLUME = {435},
UKSSDC_D = {},
UKSSDC_I = {},
UK_FIRST = {},
ABSTRACT = {A connection between thunderstorms and the ionosphere has
been hypothesized since the mid-1920s(1). Several mechanisms
have been proposed to explain this connection(2-7), and
evidence from modelling(8) as well as various types of
measurements(9-14) demonstrate that lightning can interact
with the lower ionosphere. It has been proposed, on the
basis of a few observed events(15), that the ionospheric
'sporadic E' layer - transient, localized patches of
relatively high electron density in the mid-ionosphere E
layer, which significantly affect radio-wave propagation -
can be modulated by thunderstorms, but a more formal
statistical analysis is still needed. Here we identify a
statistically significant intensification and descent in
altitude of the mid-latitude sporadic E layer directly above
thunderstorms. Because no ionospheric response to
low-pressure systems without lightning is detected, we
conclude that this localized intensification of the sporadic
E layer can be attributed to lightning. We suggest that the
co-location of lightning and ionospheric enhancement can be
explained by either vertically propagating gravity waves
that transfer energy from the site of lightning into the
ionosphere, or vertical electrical discharge, or by a
combination of these two mechanisms.}
}
@ARTICLE{fraser05:_new_zealan,
AUTHOR = {Fraser, G.J.},
TITLE = {The antecedents and subsequent development of scientific radar in New Zealand},
JOURNAL = {jastp},
YEAR = 2005,
VOLUME = 67,
NUMBER = 15,
PAGES = {1411--1418},
MONTH = {October},
UKSSDC_D = {},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2005.07.010},
ABSTRACT = {In New Zealand after World War 2 radar techniques were used in various investigations in geophysics and astronomy. Much local expertise had become available from defence laboratories, which had been set up in 1939 and eventually merged into the Radio Development Laboratory, disbanded in 1946. Wartime radar development had in turn been founded on pre-war research in radio propagation and ionospheric research which included the use of pulse ionosondes. Frequent support for the pre-war radio research in both Britain and New Zealand was given by Ernest Rutherford who, throughout his life, retained the interest from his own early researches in radio wave propagation. This paper is a brief survey of events from Rutherford's early experiments in 1894 to present-day research programmes.}
}
@ARTICLE{gulyaeva05:_night,
AUTHOR = {Gulyaeva, T. and Stanislawska, W.},
TITLE = {Night-day imprints of ionospheric slab thickness during geomagnetic storm},
JOURNAL = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
YEAR = 2005,
VOLUME = 67,
NUMBER = 14,
PAGES = {1307--1314},
MONTH = {September},
UKSSDC_D = {},
UKSSDC_I = {},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2005.07.006},
ABSTRACT = {Spatial maps of the ionosphere-plasmasphere slab thickness (T) were generated as a ratio of the total electron content (TEC) to the F-region peak electron density (NmF2) at 1 degrees spaced grid points from the instantaneous maps of TEC and foF2 at latitudes 35 degrees to 70 degrees N, and longitudes -10 degrees to 40 degrees E. Data of 23 observatories are used for the construction of TEC and foF2 maps with Kriging technique from independent networks of GPS-TEC and ionosonde observations at solar minimum (1995-1996) and maximum (2002) under quiet and disturbed magnetic conditions. The net-weight factor (omega) is introduced as a ratio of disturbance to quietness representing area mean TEC,foF2 and tau for a particular day and time normalized by relevant monthly median value. Analysis of w evolution for TEC, foF2 and T maps have revealed that TEC and foF2 depletion is accompanied by positive increment of slab thickness for more than 48 hrs during the magnetic storm at solar maximum but T enhancement is shorter and delayed by 12 to 24 hrs regarding the storm onset at solar minimum. The slab thickness positive increment at the main,phase of geomagnetic storm has been associated with relevant increase of the real thickness of the topside ionosphere. To estimate-the upper boundary of the ionosphere the International Reference Ionosphere expanded towards the plasmasphere (IRI*) is modified to assimilate the ionosonde F2 layer peak and the GPS-T.EC observations. Slab thickness is decomposed in three parts (the bottomside and topside ionosphere, and the plasmasphere). Eliminating the plasmasphere part from the total slab thickness, we obtain the ratio of bottomside slab thickness to the real thickness below the F2 layer peak. Assuming that this ratio is also valid above the F2 layer peak, we obtain the topside boundary of the ionosphere varying from 500 km by day to 2300km by night. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}
}
@ARTICLE{lastovicka2005,
AUTHOR = {Lastovicka, J.},
TITLE = {On the role of solar and geomagnetic activity in long-term
trends in the atmosphere-ionosphere system},
JOURNAL = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
YEAR = {2005},
VOLUME = {67},
NUMBER = {1--2},
PAGES = {83--92},
UKSSDC_D = {},
UKSSDC_I = {},
ABSTRACT = {The long-term continuous increase of greenhouse gas
concentration in the atmosphere and other anthropogenic
influences represent serious threat for human
civilization. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the
long-term trends and changes in the atmosphere-ionosphere
system. The observed long-term trends in the 20th century
might be. however, influenced by contribution of Sun's
origin, and the process of determination of anthropoger c
trends from observational data may be "spoilt" by the
11-year solar cycle. The role of solar/geomagnetic activity
in long-term trends in various regions of the
atmosphere/ionosphere system is briefly reviewed for the
first time. The ways; of avoiding or at least diminishing
the effect of solar cycle on trend determination are
mentioned. As for the possible solar and geomagnetic
activity responsibility for part of the observed long-term
trends. the two main conclusions are as follows: (i) The
role of solar and geomagnetic activity in the observed
long-term trends decreases with decreasing altitude from the
F-region ionosphere down to the troposphere. (ii) In the
20th century the role of solar and geomagnetic activity in
the observed long-term trends/changes was decreasing from
its beginning towards its end.}
}
@ARTICLE{materassi2005,
AUTHOR = {Materassi, M. and Mitchell, C.N.},
TITLE = {A simulation study into constructing of the sample space for
ionospheric imaging},
JOURNAL = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
YEAR = {2005},
VOLUME = {67},
NUMBER = {12},
PAGES = {1085--1091},
ABSTRACT = {Ionospheric imaging usually involves solving an underdetermined inversion problem. The inversion is performed involving additional constraints to enforce realistic profiles in the vertical. One way to incorporate those vertical profile constraints is to perform the inversion using Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOFs). The need of defining a sample space spanned by EOFs to obtain ionospheric images yields the possibility to employ ionosonde measurements in ionospheric tomography based on stochastic inversion of GPS data. Here we present a simulation study based on an existing network of GPS ground receivers and ionosondes across Europe. The locations of the transmitters used in the simulation are actual satellite positions. Simulated GPS data, constructed assuming that the ionosphere is the international reference ionosphere, are inverted via the Multi Instrument Data Analysis System. The sample space of this stochastic inversion is constructed employing ionosonde measurements simulated from the same model ionosphere. Such use of ionosonde data to construct the sample space produces better results than without ionosonde data.},
KEYWORDS = {Electromagnetic methods; Ionosphere; Radio propagation; Remote sensing; Radio tomography; Data inversion},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2005.02.019},
UKSSDC_D = {},
UKSSDC_I = {},
UK_OTHER = {}
}
@ARTICLE{oliveros2005,
AUTHOR = {Oliveros, B.M. and Hernandez R.D.M. and Saurez L.P.},
TITLE = {On the onset and meridional propagation of the ionospheric
F2-region response to geomagnetic storms},
JOURNAL = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
YEAR = {2005},
VOLUME = {67},
NUMBER = {17--18},
PAGES = {1706--1714},
UKSSDC_D = {},
UKSSDC_I = {},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2004.12.013},
ABSTRACT = {The meridional propagation velocities of the ionospheric
F2-region response to 268 geomagnetic storms are calculated.
Ionospheric vertical sounding data of I h time resolution
from several stations located in a longitude sector
approximately centred along the great circle that contains
both the geomagnetic poles and the geographic poles are used.
Most meridional propagation velocities from high to low
latitudes are less than 600 m/s. The smaller velocities are
typical of global neutral meridional wind circulation and the
larger are representative of traveling atmospheric
disturbances.
Simultaneous disturbances at several locations are more
frequent during positive phases than during negative phases.
Negative phase meridional propagation velocities associated
with meridional neutral winds are less frequent in the
southern hemisphere when compared with corresponding
velocities observed in the northern hemisphere. This may be
related to the fact that the distance between the geomagnetic
pole and the equator is smaller in the northern hemisphere.
Most negative phase onsets are within the 06-10 LT interval.
For middle geomagnetic latitudes a "forbidden time interval"
between 11 and 14 LT is present. The positive phase onsets
show the "dusk effect". (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights
reserved.}
}
@ARTICLE{peitrella05,
AUTHOR = {Pietrella, M. and Perrone, L.},
TITLE = {Instantaneous space-weighted ionospheric regional model for
instantaneous mapping of the critical frequency of the F2
layer in the European region},
JOURNAL = {Radio Science},
YEAR = {2005},
VOLUME = {40},
NUMBER = {1},
UKSSDC_D = {},
UKSSDC_I = {},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003RS003008},
ABSTRACT = {An instantaneous space-weighted ionospheric regional model
(ISWIRM) for the regional now-casting of the critical
frequency of the F2 layer ( foF2) has been developed. The
geographical area of applicability of the model is ranged
between 35degreesN - 70degreesN and 5degreesW -
40degreesE. Inside this region the hourly values of foF2 are
obtained, correcting the monthly medians values of foF2
predicted by the space-weighted ionospheric local model (
SWILM) on the basis of hourly observations of foF2 coming
from four reference stations ( Rome, Chilton, Lycksele, and
Loparskaya ( or Sodankyla)). The performance of the model,
evaluated at four testing stations ( Tortosa, Juliusruh,
Uppsala, and Kiruna) during some periods characterized by
strong solar and geomagnetic activity, can be considered
satisfactory, given that the hourly values of the residuals
are almost always below 1 MHz. A comparison between ISWIRM's
performance using manually validated and autoscaled data of
foF2 and SWILM's performance was made for two disturbed
periods. One example of instantaneous ionospheric mapping of
foF2 relative to the selected disturbed periods is also
shown.}
}
@ARTICLE{tsagouri2005,
AUTHOR = {Tsagouri, I. and Zolesi, B. and Belehaki, A. and
Cander, Lj.},
TITLE = {Evaluation of the performance of the real-time updated
simplified ionospheric regional model for the European area},
JOURNAL = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
VOLUME = {67},
NUMBER = {12},
PAGES = {1137--1146},
YEAR = {2005},
UKSSDC_D = {},
UKSSDC_I = {},
UK_OTHER = {},
ABSTRACT = {The increasing demand for upper-atmosphere nowcasting services for operational applications reveals the need for a realistic mapping of the ionosphere over Europe in real-time and especially during storm periods. To meet this need, a real-time updating method of simplified ionospheric regional model (SIRM) with autoscaled ionospheric characteristics observed by four European Digital Portable Sounders (DPS) ionosondes was recently developed. SIRM belongs to the group of ionospheric models for the standard vertical incidence (VI) ionospheric characteristics such as the critical frequency of the ionospheric F2 layer foF2 and the propagation factor M(3000)F2, which oversimplify a number of the ionospheric phenomena of real significance for radio communications applications showing satisfactory performance for median ionospheric condition description in restricted area of mid-latitudes. As a step forward, the rapid conversion of real-time data from four European digisondes to the driving parameters of the SIRM was introduced as the real-time SIRM updating (SIRMUP). In SIRMUP approach, the values of the ionospheric characteristics from first-guess model parameters at measurement points are combined with real-time measurements. The reliability of the real-time SIRM update method has already been tested in terms of the foF2 for various ionospheric conditions and the simulation results were very promising. In this paper, the simulation tests are continued in order to investigate the efficiency of the SIRMUP method in mapping the propagation conditions over Europe as they are expressed by the propagation factor M(3000)F2. In general, the results demonstrate that SIRMUP procedure has the potential to be used in real time for nowcasting the standard ionospheric characteristics over Europe, for operational applications.},
KEYWORDS = {Ionospheric radio-propagation; Ionospheric mapping; Ionospheric modelling; Mid-latitude ionosphere},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2005.01.012}
}
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